Linux has many commands that can use on daily basis
I copied from this link – https://www.guru99.com/linux-commands-cheat-sheet.html
Basic Linux commands
Command | Description |
---|
ls | Lists all files and directories in the present working directory |
ls -R | Lists files in sub-directories as well |
ls -a | Lists hidden files as well |
ls -al | Lists files and directories with detailed information like permissions,size, owner, etc. |
cd or cd ~ | Navigate to HOME directory |
cd .. | Move one level up |
cd | To change to a particular directory |
cd / | Move to the root directory |
cat > filename | Creates a new file |
cat filename | Displays the file content |
cat file1 file2 > file3 | Joins two files (file1, file2) and stores the output in a new file (file3) |
mv file "new file path" | Moves the files to the new location |
mv filename new_file_name | Renames the file to a new filename |
sudo | Allows regular users to run programs with the security privileges of the superuser or root |
rm filename | Deletes a file |
man | Gives help information on a command |
history | Gives a list of all past commands typed in the current terminal session |
clear | Clears the terminal |
mkdir directoryname | Creates a new directory in the present working directory or a at the specified path |
rmdir | Deletes a directory |
mv | Renames a directory |
pr -x | Divides the file into x columns |
pr -h | Assigns a header to the file |
pr -n | Denotes the file with Line Numbers |
lp -nc , lpr c | Prints “c” copies of the File |
lp-d lp-P | Specifies name of the printer |
apt-get | Command used to install and update packages |
mail -s 'subject' -c 'cc-address'
-b 'bcc-address' 'to-address' | Command to send email |
mail -s "Subject" to-address < Filename | Command to send email with attachment |
File Permission commands
Command | Description |
---|
ls -l | to show file type and access permission |
r | read permission |
w | write permission |
x | execute permission |
-= | no permission |
Chown user | For changing the ownership of a file/directory |
Chown user:group filename | change the user as well as group for a file or directory |
Environment Variables command
Command | Description |
---|
echo $VARIABLE | To display value of a variable |
env | Displays all environment variables |
VARIABLE_NAME= variable_value | Create a new variable |
Unset | Remove a variable |
export Variable=value | To set value of an environment variable |
User management commands of linux
Command | Description |
---|
sudo adduser username | To add a new user |
sudo passwd -l 'username' | To change the password of a user |
sudo userdel -r 'username' | To remove a newly created user |
sudo usermod -a -G GROUPNAME USERNAME | To add a user to a group |
sudo deluser USER GROUPNAME | To remove a user from a group |
finger | Shows information of all the users logged in |
finger username | Gives information of a particular user |
Networking command
Command | Description |
---|
SSH username@ip-address or hostname | login into a remote Linux machine using SSH |
Ping hostname="" or ="" | To ping and Analyzing network and host connections |
dir | Display files in the current directory of a remote computer |
cd "dirname" | change directory to “dirname” on a remote computer |
put file | upload ‘file’ from local to remote computer |
get file | Download ‘file’ from remote to local computer |
quit | Logout |
Process command
Command | Description |
---|
bg | To send a process to the background |
fg | To run a stopped process in the foreground |
top | Details on all Active Processes |
ps | Give the status of processes running for a user |
ps PID | Gives the status of a particular process |
pidof | Gives the Process ID (PID) of a process |
kill PID | Kills a process |
nice | Starts a process with a given priority |
renice | Changes priority of an already running process |
df | Gives free hard disk space on your system |
free | Gives free RAM on your system |
VI Editing Commands
Command | Description |
---|
i | Insert at cursor (goes into insert mode) |
a | Write after cursor (goes into insert mode) |
A | Write at the end of line (goes into insert mode) |
ESC | Terminate insert mode |
u | Undo last change |
U | Undo all changes to the entire line |
o | Open a new line (goes into insert mode) |
dd | Delete line |
3dd | Delete 3 lines |
D | Delete contents of line after the cursor |
C | Delete contents of a line after the cursor and insert new text. Press ESC key to end insertion. |
dw | Delete word |
4dw | Delete 4 words |
cw | Change word |
x | Delete character at the cursor |
r | Replace character |
R | Overwrite characters from cursor onward |
s | Substitute one character under cursor continue to insert |
S | Substitute entire line and begin to insert at the beginning of the line |
~ | Change case of individual character |
Overview of nano’s shortcuts
The editor’s keystrokes and their functions
File handling
Ctrl+S | Save current file |
Ctrl+O | Offer to write file (“Save as”) |
Ctrl+R | Insert a file into current one |
Ctrl+X | Close buffer, exit from nano |
Editing
Ctrl+K | Cut current line into cutbuffer |
Alt+6 | Copy current line into cutbuffer |
Ctrl+U | Paste contents of cutbuffer |
Alt+T | Cut until end of buffer |
Ctrl+] | Complete current word |
Alt+3 | Comment/uncomment line/region |
Alt+U | Undo last action |
Alt+E | Redo last undone action |
Search and replace
Ctrl+Q | Start backward search |
Ctrl+W | Start forward search |
Alt+Q | Find next occurrence backward |
Alt+W | Find next occurrence forward |
Alt+R | Start a replacing session |
Deletion
Ctrl+H | Delete character before cursor |
Ctrl+D | Delete character under cursor |
Alt+Bsp | Delete word to the left |
Ctrl+Del | Delete word to the right |
Alt+Del | Delete current line |
Operations
Ctrl+T | Execute some command |
Ctrl+J | Justify paragraph or region |
Alt+J | Justify entire buffer |
Alt+B | Run a syntax check |
Alt+F | Run a formatter/fixer/arranger |
Alt+: | Start/stop recording of macro |
Alt+; | Replay macro |
Moving around
Ctrl+B | One character backward |
Ctrl+F | One character forward |
Ctrl+← | One word backward |
Ctrl+→ | One word forward |
Ctrl+A | To start of line |
Ctrl+E | To end of line |
Ctrl+P | One line up |
Ctrl+N | One line down |
Ctrl+↑ | To previous block |
Ctrl+↓ | To next block |
Ctrl+Y | One page up |
Ctrl+V | One page down |
Alt+\ | To top of buffer |
Alt+/ | To end of buffer |
Special movement
Alt+G | Go to specified line |
Alt+] | Go to complementary bracket |
Alt+↑ | Scroll viewport up |
Alt+↓ | Scroll viewport down |
Alt+< | Switch to preceding buffer |
Alt+> | Switch to succeeding buffer |
Information
Ctrl+C | Report cursor position |
Alt+D | Report line/word/character count |
Ctrl+G | Display help text |
Various
Alt+A | Turn the mark on/off |
Tab | Indent marked region |
Shift+Tab | Unindent marked region |
Alt+V | Enter next keystroke verbatim |
Alt+N | Turn line numbers on/off |
Alt+P | Turn visible whitespace on/off |
Alt+X | Hide or unhide the help lines |
Ctrl+L | Refresh the screen |
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